Do not spill the KOH — it is extremely caustic. Rinse your skin if it comes in contact with KOH. Perform the Protein Test: Reproduce this table in your lab book and complete it with your observations. When your observations are complete, carefully wash and rinse the tubes following the instructions in Part I. Lipids are a class of molecules that are not soluble do not dissolve in water.
They are composed of the molecular building blocks of glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids come in two major types, saturated and unsaturated. This difference is due to the presence of particular types of bonds within the fatty acid molecule see figure and affect the shape and characteristics of the overall lipid containing these fatty acids.
You may want a review of lipids. Use gloves and avoid contact with Sudan IV as it is considered a possible carcinogen. Immediately wash your skin with soap and plenty of water if you come in contact with the solution. Sudan IV test for lipid: Reproduce this table in your lab book and complete it with your observations. The darker the stain, the more lipid is present. When your observations are complete, carefully dispose of any remaining Sudan IV solution in the container provided by your instructor.
Always use gloves and do not move the container if there is a danger of spilling. Enrique was a new employee. He wanted to stay. Today, there was a problem and he had to figure out something fast to solve it. He knew that if he did, the manager would be really pleased and his job was guaranteed. The customer claimed to be on a reduced-calorie diet and was not happy about the extra calories consumed. There was more at stake than one unhappy customer, though.
The manager told Enrique that many of their customers were diabetic and consuming sugar-laden soda could alter their blood-sugar chemistry in a dangerous way. They could not allow those customers to be harmed. If the diet soda dispenser did have regular soda, then did the regular soda dispenser have diet?
What about the Dr. Pepper dispenser? That, at least, tasted like Dr. Pepper, so it was OK- or was it? What a mess! Should they throw all the soda in the dispenser out and start again? Or was there some way of determining if the soda was being dispensed correctly? If they could determine what the problem was, they could save the business money and not waste the soda products. Enrique knew that most soda had high fructose corn syrup in it but diet soda had sugar substitutes in it: Substitutes that were not sugar but fooled your taste buds into believing it was.
Just the other day, in science lab, Enrique had run some tests on solutions in order to determine their compositions. One of the tests was for detecting monosaccharides in solution! He knew his science teacher would still be in the classroom at this time and the school was barely a 5 minute walk from the restaurant.
He could solve the mystery in under 30 minutes! Enrique quickly told his manager his plan and grabbed some cups of soda, which he labeled, so he could tell which dispenser they came from, then headed out. Enrique quickly ran to the school lab and got permission to run his experiment. Help Enrique set up an experiment to test the soda.
Perform the Appropriate Test: Reproduce this table in your lab book and complete it with your observations. DO NOT allow ethanol to come in contact with the hotplate.
Ethanol is very flammable. Figure 1: The molecular and macro structures of sucrose, starch, lipids, and proteins. Part I: Controlled Experiments to Identify Organic Compounds Indicators are chemicals that change color when chemical conditions change, such as pH, or when a chemical reaction takes place producing a colored molecule.
Proteins The cell relies on proteins for very many functional reasons. Procedure Obtain 5 test tubes and number them 1 — 5. Use a marker to indicate 2. Fill each test tube to your 2. Distilled water 2. Concentrated glucose solution 3. Diluted glucose solution 4.
Sucrose solution 5. After 2 min, remove the tubes from the water-bath and record the color of their contents in the table below. Data Table 2. Tube Contents Color after reaction Presence of monosaccharide? Water 2. Concentrated glucose 3. Diluted glucose 4. Starch solution. Data Analysis Which of the above solutions serve as your positive control? Negative control? Examine your test and your classmates test solutions. Which solutions were positive for monosaccharides?
These chains are then woven together like strands in a rope or like threads in a blanket to form various proteins. When food is consumed, the proteins are broken down into their constituent amino acids and rebuilt into the proteins of the body. However, excess amino acids are not stored for future use, and the body only starts to break down its own proteins during starvation, when the ordinary sources of fuel fats and carbohydrates are not available.
An amino acid forming a peptide bond to a growing poly-peptide chain, releasing H 2 O. Fats are the primary long-term energy storage molecules of the body. Fats are very compact and light weight, so they are an efficient way to store excess energy. A fat is made up of a glycerol, which is attached to 1 to 3 fatty acid chains. Most of the energy from fats comes from the many carbon bonds in these long, fatty acid chains. Fatty acids connect to glycerol in the region where each molecule has an -O-H group.
Two hydrogens and one oxygen are split off, forming H-O-H water and the long carbon chain is attached to the glycerol. Each glycerol can carry up to three fatty acid chains, which would make it a " tri-glyceride. To reverse the reaction and split the fatty acid from the glycerol, just add water and energy. Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, is a simple carbohydrate or " mono-saccharide.
Larger, more "complex carbohydrates" are made by stringing together chains of glucose subunits into di-saccharides, tri-saccharides, poly-saccharides. Starch is a complex carbohydrate which plants create for energy storage, and is the most common carbohydrate in the human diet. Foods like potatoes, corn, rice, and wheat are rich in starch.
Animals break the starches back down into glucose subunits and convert the glucose into glycogen for storage. This signals the beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin helps glucose enter the body's cells to be used for energy.
If all the glucose is not needed for energy, some of it is stored in fat cells and in the liver as glycogen. As sugar moves from the blood to the cells, the blood glucose level returns to a normal between-meal range. When the blood sugar level falls below that range, which may happen between meals, the body has at least three ways of reacting:.
Other hormones can raise the blood sugar level, including epinephrine also called adrenaline and cortisol released by the adrenal glands and growth hormone released by the pituitary gland.
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